TA1 Rx

The sources of record

Thymosin Alpha-1 References

Every quantitative claim on this site traces to a numbered source below.

How to read this list

Each entry below carries its authors, journal, year, and a DOI or PubMed identifier so any claim on this site can be checked against its source. The list spans the foundational biochemistry (Goldstein's 1977 isolation and sequencing) through the mechanism work, the international clinical trials, the pharmacokinetics, and the definitive 2025 phase-3 sepsis trial. Where the site reports a number — a dose studied, a mortality figure, a seroconversion rate, a half-life — it maps to one of these entries by its bracketed marker.

  1. Goldstein AL, Low TL, McAdoo M, et al. Thymosin alpha1: isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977;74(2):725-729. ↗
  2. Wu J, Zhou L, Liu J, et al. The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial. Crit Care. 2013;17(1):R8. ↗
  3. Wu J, Pei F, Zhou L, et al. The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled, phase 3 trial. BMJ. 2025;388:e082583. ↗
  4. Dominari A, Hathaway III D, Pandav K, et al. Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World J Virol. 2020;9(5):67-78. ↗
  5. Romani L, Bistoni F, Montagnoli C, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates dendritic cell tryptophan catabolism and establishes a regulatory environment for balance of inflammation and tolerance. Blood. 2006;108(7):2265-2274. ↗
  6. Liu Y, Pan Y, Hu Z, et al. Thymosin Alpha 1 Reduces the Mortality of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 by Restoration of Lymphocytopenia and Reversion of Exhausted T Cells. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2150-2157. ↗
  7. Costantini C, Bellet MM, Pariano M, et al. A Reappraisal of Thymosin Alpha1 in Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol. 2019;9:873. ↗
  8. Garaci E, et al. Pharmacokinetics of thymosin alpha1 after subcutaneous injection of three different formulations in healthy volunteers. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999. ↗
  9. Billich A. Thymosin alpha-1. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2001;58(10):886-890. ↗
  10. Badamchian M, Mora CA, Baumann CA, Paino JE, Goldstein AL. Biodistribution of synthetic thymosin alpha1 in the serum, urine and major organs of mice. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1997;19(1):59-66. ↗
  11. Zhu Y, Lu Y, Zhong YQ. [Preparation and properties of Talpha1 loaded injectable sustained release microspheres]. Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2007;42(2):211-215. ↗
  12. Htet NH, Naing C, Vongpunsawad S, Win TT, Poovorawan Y. Thymosin-alpha-1 for people with chronic hepatitis B (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;CD014610. ↗
  13. Ricci D, Etna MP, Severa M, et al. Novel evidence of Thymosin α1 immunomodulatory properties in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Effect on innate inflammatory response in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell-based in vitro model. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;117:109996. ↗
  14. Badamchian M, Goldstein AL, Sztein MB. Immune and neuroendocrine modulation with thymosins: current status of recent clinical trials in the United States. Int J Neurosci. 1990;51(3-4):365-367. ↗
  15. Dinetz E, Lee E. Comprehensive Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in Human Clinical Trials. Altern Ther Health Med. 2024. ↗
  16. Pica F, Chimenti MS, Gaziano R, Buè C, Casalinuovo IA, Triggianese P, et al. Serum thymosin alpha1 levels in patients with chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Clin Exp Immunol. 2016;186(1):39-45. ↗